ananya amstud notes Notes | Knowt (2024)

Articles of Confederation: America’s Dumpster Fire

Constitution that is lower case. Todays Constitution is capital

How do we frame government structure? How do we pass new laws?

1777(81)-1789

• Revolution - Govt needed
• States retain sovereignty* States have more power over federal government
• Fears?
  • Results?
  • Just broke up with Great Britain so why give so much federal power. Does not want absolute authority. States are more powerful and federal government is weak
• Does not really last that long abt 8 years

A Limited Government

• “Firm league of friendship”
• To pass a bill - 9/13 states vote (Super majority). Once a bill passes it becomes a law
• To amend the articles - 13/13 state votes

Structure of government weak!

What do we have today

• 3 branches
  • Legislative
    • Make laws: Bicameral legislature two different branches
    • Congress
      • House of representatives
      • senate
  • Judicial
    • Interpret laws from legislative branch whether or not it is just
    • Supreme court
  • Executive
    • Enforce laws
    • President and his cabinet

What was part of Articles of Confederation

• Unicameral legislature
• One Branch
  • Single house and the legislative branch has all the power
• Executive Committee
  • When congress is not in session
• Temporary Courts
  • State disputes. When two states are mad at each other.
• Each state-one vote
  • Not proportional to population

Powers Granted To Federal gov

• Declare War- make peace
• Treaties with foreign countries
• Army and navy (not standing) (Not always readily and doing stuff)
• Weights and measures
• Hear state disputes

Powers denied to government

• No powers to
  • Tax-Tariff-Duties
    • Must ask states for money
  • Raise money for military
  • Control trade between states
  • Force states to honor obligations
  • Regulate currency value
    • States printing their own money
• No executive branch - enforcement

Problems Facing New Nation

• Foreign relations
  • Diplomacy
  • Trade (Nations go to state not the government for deals)
• Financing the nation
• Interstate relations

Problems-Shays’s Rebellion 1786-1787

• Massachusetts
  • Farmers
  • Daniel Shays (Upset there is no national power has not say in tax it is all up to states) (Massachusetts has high taxes on farmers and they are struggling to get by) (Farmers can take up loans and if they fail to pay it their stuff gets taken up) (Taxing crazy amounts of people fighting a war on crazy taxes) (Federal government has no standing authority or power)
    • They take control over court houses and banks and there is no militia in Massachusetts to take it back and Federal government has no standing army. Then Massachusetts eventually gather an army and put it down.
  • Results in a shift from a weak executive and no standing army to a idea that they need some executive power
  • *********FRQ WEAKNESS OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

Accomplishments

• Treaty of Paris 1783 - ends American Rev
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (Selling of land) - establishes how lands can become states, makes slavery illegal in the Northwest (present day Ohio)
  • Government raising money
  • Problems-early settlement already before it happened. People bought land with other people on it.
• Not colonies-equal footing (Creation of State) (PART OF NORTHWEST ORDINANCE) (ONLY STATES IN NORTHWEST TERRITORY)
  • 60,000 people
  • Government and constitution and you have elected officials
  • You can become a state
  • Northwest Territory ban slavery
• Excluded slavery

US Constitution

Convention-1787-Philadelphia

• 73 Delegates selected-55 attended-39 signed (Due to disagreements)
  • Washington elected by constitutional convention to preside over everything there
  • Madison (From Virginia) “Father of the Constitution” since he gets there earlier than everyone else. He wrote another constitution and presents it into the convention. Turn the convention from reforming AOC to starting a clean slate on a new constitution
  • Franklin (Not too important)
  • Hamilton (New york plan that is eventually implemented) He is a big defender of the constitution and writes the federalists papers
• People at the convention are wealthy and educated and most were “Conservatives”
• Not in attendance
  • Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry “Radicals” They did not want to rewrite Articles of Confederation they wanted states to have power
  • John Adams(C) London and Jefferson (R) Paris

Conservatives (Resistance of Change)

• Kept power status quo (aristocracy)
  • Senators elected by majority vote
  • Electoral College Today 270 of electoral college votes you win. It is a select group of people.
• Scrap Articles of Confederation
• Will become Federalists

Radicals

• Democratic Socialist Revolution
• Amend Articles of Confederation
• Will become Anti-Federalists

Convention

• Closed to the public-No press-Armed guards
• Scrap Articles of Confederation
• Will need 9 states to ratify

Plans Put Forward

• Virginia Plan (large states)
• New Jersey Plan (small states)
  • Countered Virginia Plan
• The Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan)
  • Combined Plants
    • 2 Senators per state (equal)
      • Smaller states have more power
    • H.O.R based on population
      • larger states have more power
    • $ Bills originate in House (why?)
      • Closer voice to the general population. Senate can propose bills but not anything that deals with money first

Structure-Powers Granted

• Strong Central Government
  • Supreme Court and lower federal courts
  • Strong Executive (Veto and approve laws)
  • National Defense-Military
    • Suppress Uprisings
  • Protect Property Rights
  • Treaties
  • War
• Strong Economic Regulation
  • Pay off debt (Federal government can take on debt from other countries or states)
  • Establish credit (foreign and cosmetic)
  • Levy Taxes and Tariffs
  • Regulate Commerce (Foreign and Interstate)
  • Regulate Monetary system (States stop printing their own currency
• Important Provisions
  • Elastic Clause-”Necessary and proper” (Radicals will not support)
  • Fugitive Slave Clause (If people escape to the free state they are sent back)
  • Supremacy Clause (Federal government is supreme over state)
  • ⅗ Clause

Three-Fifths Clause

• Sectional Debate
  • North vs South
  • 3/5 Compromise
    • 5 slaves = 3 free
  • $10 tax - slave imports
  • No slave trade after 1807

Ratified in 1788 The Constitution

• New Hampshire is the 9th vote
• 1 year to get 9 states
• 3 years to get all states
• Rhode Island last 13th state vote
• Most farmers are antifederalists especially those who were antifederalists

Bill of Rights -1791- Radical Demands

Federalist 10

Federalists 70 and 78 made by Alexander hamilton. Federalists 10 made by James Madison. Federalists papers were made in New York. There was also federalist 51

Washington Man vs Myth:

He’s important because of the precedents he set as president

Parson Weems:

• Myth about cutting
  • Shows him being honest

Painting of George Washington (Painted in 1796) Lansdowne Portrait

• George holding sword in left hand showing his officer status and leader. He is the Commander in Chief. They are the top of military
• Objects show big words that reference stuff (quill)
• Set in random place
  • Ornate; shows wealth and prominence. Column is symbol of Roman architecture
  • Rainbow
    • Noahs ark. Symbol of hope from God

Muscular George Washington (Greenough Sculpture)

• Placed in capital rotunda after Washington died
• Washington is about to stand up and remove himself from the seat of power. Washington giving up power and after two terms he decides not to run again even though he would have won
• Sword is housed and he is offering it meaning he is giving his military authority
• He is pointing up recognizing God as higher than himself and he is not all powerful

George Washington and boat

• Crossing Delaware trying to fight Hessians at Trenton.
• It looks like they are about to sink

Presidential Precedents

• Inauguration
  • Public ceremony and swearing in. For Washington it was a public ceremony at a courthouse and anyone could attend it. Goes to congress and delivers his speech. He swears in a Bible and said “So help me God” acknowledges he needs help beyond himself
• Cabinet (Established by Washington) today (State, Treasury, Education, etc to 15) (At the time Washington had 4 in which Washington wanted advice from not stated in constitution no really needed)
  • Assist in governing the nation
  • Jefferson (Secretary of State, working with other nations) & Hamilton (Secretary of treasury dealing with money) (They were holding the two most consequential positions)
  • Edmund Randolph also part of cabinet he was attorney general
  • Secretary of war Henry Knox
  • John Adams (Vice president, Not really apart of cabinet)
• Two Term Limit (4 years each term constitution doesn't say amount of terms. Washington just goes for 8 years) (Everyone follows two term limit until FDR)
  • Farewell Address (Hopes for the future)

Financial Plans and Compromise

The Struggles

• The Debt
  • Federal 56 million
  • States 21 million
• IOU’s to soldiers from the Revolutionary War due to bonds to help soldiers that were not worth anything at the moment, but will be worth more in future. People feared the government would not pay bonds. Hamilton founded bonds for people who needed money IOU plan.

Enter Hamilton

• Hamilton (Federalists) wants
  • Federal power
  • Close ties with England (trade)
  • Manufacturing nation (Britain isn't at the top of people’s list, but Hamilton loves Britain
• Hamilton’s goals
  • Establish credit to handle debt
  • Stimulate investment
  • Obtain Revenue
  • Generate currency

Hamilton’s Plan

• Consolidate national debt
• Consolidate state debt (Virginia Mad they did not have much debt areas like MA had a lot) From Viriginia Jefferson, Washington, and Madison do not like
• Source of income
  • Tariffs taxes on imports to protect local merchants of your country. Perishable stuff from ships don’t hold up so farmers are not shipping stuff across the ocean.
  • Excise Tax (Tax on a certain product)
    • Liquor
      • Whiskey (Made from wheat) practically Scotch
      • Farmers upset about taxing it since it is made from wheat. People get mad
  • Sale of Western Lands

Cont’d

• Establish National Bank (Private entities) (Jefferson hates bankers. Symbol of elite group of wealthy people) (BUS Bank of united States
  • Modeled-England

Opposition Jeffersonians

• The ideal republic consists of farmers (People tied to the land)
• Manufacturing would lead to cities
• Property-less workers will be abused

Constitutional Arguments

• Strict constructionists (Jefferson):
  • If the constitution doesn’t say it, then you can’t do it (Exampled: national bank)
• Loose constructionists(Hamilton)
  • Used the elastic clause (The “necessary and proper” clause) and implied powers of
  • The bill passes once Washington supports it's.

Compromise

• Assumption Bill passes (national govt assumes state debt)
• Capital moves from New York to the Potomac (Maryland and Virginia) Not in a state between two of them

Whiskey Rebellion

Due to whiskey tax due to it being made from wheat and allot of that in Pennsylvania and farmers refuse. National govt will not tolerate rebellion. Tax collectors get abused. Now we finally have a standing army. Washington and 13,000 troops come. Very unsuccessful rebellion. Saying that you have to pay taxes.

Rhetorical Analysis

Intro

• Historical Exigence and context options:
  • Author’s POV
  • What motivated the author?
  • Influential historical or personal life events
  • What are they responding to?
• Thesis 2-3 rhetorical strategies + author’s purpose(verb) + message+ audience

Body Paragraphs

• One rhetorical strategy purpose and message for a particular aspect of the piece - to what effect does the author use particular language?
• Short, blended quote to show specific language within your assessment of the effect of that rhetorical device
• Explain how that language is effective in relaying the author’s message to a particular audience. What effect does it have on the audience? Why does it matter?

Conclusion

• Author's purpose (Verb) and message
• Restate thesis
• A lasting thought. Some options:
  • Author’s hope for the audience action
  • This piece became the exigence for ____
  • This argument connect to Americans or larger human condition by

John Adams 2nd President 1796-1800

“Atlas of American Independence” - Richard Stockton

Contributions of Civic Virtue

• Boston massacre trial
• DOI (w/jefferson)
• Continental congress (promoted independence)
• Foreign Diplomat
• First Vice-president

1789 Election

• Washington is the only unanimously elected president.
• Need only 35 to win only 69 electors at the time
• Every elector gets 2 votes. First vote who you want to be president the second vote is who you want to be vice president. Vice-president “up in the air”

1792 election

• Washington got all 132 first votes and adams came second with 77 votes
• Washington runs under Federalist party but does not affiliate with any parties

1796 Election

• Looking for who to replace Washington
• Federalists still have majority control especially in north
• Federalists and Democratic-Republicans split between north and south north is federalists south is democratic republicans
• John adams was federalist and president and thomas jefferson was vice president and democratic republican
• Needed 70 votes to win

XYZ affair (1798)

• Diplomats to paris because of impressment
  • First met with lower officials
  • Were told to bribe lower officials
  • Sent three men to negotiate didn’t know name so X, Y, and Z
  • Americans were offended and wrote back to america
• Poisoned US-French relations
• Undeclared war
  • Small skirmishes off coast like west indies
  • Created navy and marines(part of navy)
    • Made by Adams
    • Main purpose of marines was hand to hand combat protector of ships

Three Words

• Naturalization
  • Becoming a citizen when you are not one
• Alien
  • foreigner
• Sedition
  • Rebelling against us government(criticism)

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Naturalization act:
  • 14 year resident requirement but previously was 5
    • Adams scared of foreigns since they become Democratic Republicans
• Alien Acts
  • President can imprison or deport aliens considered dangerous
• Sedition act
  • Criminal to speak, write, or publish “false, scandalous, and malicious” government criticism
    • Democratic republican newspapers were targeted

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Alien and sedition acts violate 1st amendment
• Kentucky: right to nullify
  • Unconstitutional since federal power has all authority. First resistance to constitutional law
• Virginia and kentucky find no other support amongst states

History Essay Prep

• Tip mark up the question highlight the details so that it is clear
  • Timeline: date?
  • Categories: topic?
  • Analysis Type: Change over time? Cause and Effect? Compare/Contrast?
    • When it says compare you compare. When it says change over time you give one. Change over time you move along a timeline of dates and other times it shows continuity.
• Read and Analyze the Documents
  • Do not directly quote, but paraphrase and cite the documents in history essay
  • Do not start with In Document #. State the document, author and what it is doing. (Document #)
  • After tells what it does for the argument
• Set the Stage
  • Introduction should open with context
  • Historical Situation: Speaker, Purpose, Audience, Context (Influence the events)
  • Do not say in thesis political, social, cultural etc words in the prompt
  • You do not have to say the audience is and purpose is. Example Benjamin Franklin is writing for the common people you don’t have to say the word audience
• Thesis
  • Must address the prompt
  • Thesis must be an argument
  • Be specific
  • One Beautiful sentence
• Write your Essay
  • You are not describing your documents. We use them to prove thesis
  • Effective document use (Supports point, cited correctly)
  • Use Historical Information not presented in Documents (At least one per body paragraph)

Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency

From Virginia

1800 Election

• Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican won with 73 electoral votes. Aaron Burr won vice presidency with 73 electoral votes also Democratic-Republican party. It was a tie.

Tie?

• H.O.R Decides (1 vote per state)
• 36 ballots
• Hamilton does not like Jefferson and Burr but hates Jefferson less. Jefferson won on 36th ballot
• 12th Amendment
  • Separate President and Vice President ballots

Why Revolution of 1800?

• A revolution is a change of who is in power
• It is a power shift George Washington did many Federalist stuff so did Adams
• Jefferson comes in and it is flipped. Transition of power from one part to another. Democratic Republicans come in. In his Inaugural address he says we are all Federalists and we are all Republicans

Judiciary Act of 1801

• Adams is crippled presidency the Democratic-Republicans will be in there in a few months to do whatever they want they are waiting for Jefferson.
• Judiciary Act passed by Adams known as “Midnight Judges” reference to last things he does before he leaves he tries to put appoint as many federal judges as he can.
• Leads to Marbury V. Madison (Judicial Review) Adam’s secretary of state was supposed to deliver message and not all of them got delivered. Marbury was going to receive one but he did not. Madison is taken to court

Hamilton vs. Burr

• Hamilton’s support of Jefferson and Burr is always being roasted by Hamilton. Burr shoots Hamilton

Jefferson True to Form

• Military Reduced to save expenses so less of a need to tax people
• Federalist employees decreased. People are paid from taxes
• National debt reduced
• Alien and Sedition Acts repealed
• Lowered Government Exprenses, Cut Taxes
  Free Trade w/o Government Control (Washington increased tariffs to protect manufactures) Jefferson believes farmers are the most important
• National Bank Reduced

Toussaint L’Ouverture and Haitian Revolution

• Declares slavery is abolished and takes control over one part of the island
• Napoleon Bonaparte sends many soldiers all defeated
• Toussaint gets sick and dies before Haiti gets independence
• French leave and revolution was successful. First independent former slave colony in the new world
• French loss Haiti so they sell Louisiana in order to gain money to America. Napoleon needed money to conquer France
• Southern states made harsher laws in order to prevent such rebellion from occurring.

MAPS

• Jefferson wanted the Louisiana territory for New Orleans.
• French offer the whole territory for 15 million dollars. Jefferson wants territory for land since it is fertile land which can grown crops like corn. Jefferson views this agrarian nation

Why is this surprising

• Jefferson believes the constitution should not be reinterpreted. The very thing he was against he does

Lewis and Clark 1803

• The go further that the Louisiana territory and go all the way to the Pacific Ocean

1801: Barbary Wars (First war of the United States)

• On the North Coast of Africa. Jefferson reduced the size of the military and navy

Embargo Act (1807)

• He got elected again as president judging by date
• Embargo means no exports and he is embargo everything and made nothing going in and out since impressment is still going on. This is get France and Britain to listen. It tanks the American economy.

Jefferson’s Legacy

• His intentions were ment to benefit the country itself
• He did things that favored Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. He made a compromise

Market Revolution

Cotton gin

• Helped separate cotton from plant
• Eli whitney
• Interchangeable parts
  • Helped with industry since standardization and if one component broke it is easy to replace
• Tried to decrease need for slavery

Cotton in South

• Changing southern landscape
• Aristocracy
  • Rich people who also move west as well. Continue to be planter elites
• Slavery
• Lots of cotton plantations in south
  • done by slaves
• Slaves moving west as cotton is moving west.

Cotton in the North

• Manufacturing goods with cotton in the north like textiles
• Lots of clusters of manufacturing districts
• Better workers and more motivation due to wage labor
• Unmarried women have a role in society they can make money and gain education
• Lowell mill girls - like college
• Once women were married they went back to traditional roles in society
• Living close together so they are forming Urban areas

Roads

• Travel times
  • Chicago to new york 6 weeks
• Crude roads not paved
  • In urban areas roads are wooden and gravel they became better
• Cumberland roads
  • First federally sponsored road
  • Connected west to states
  • Promoted trade between states and atlantic
• Private companies made roads and charged toll due to federal government not finding workers
• These roads helped exchange goods over farther distances helped with communication and trade
• Helped lead to westward expansion

Steamboats

• Robert Fulton made first commercially successful steamboat
• Built and operated it
• Could go against current stream
• Connected north and south
• Promoted trade and transportation and communication
• South primarily start growing cotton and the movement of goods to northern manufactures is easier

Canals

• Improved transportation and trade
• Connects New York City to Midwest
• Man made rivers and you have to dig a really big ditch
• No longer need to go over appalachian mountains

Railroads

• Started in north spread westward and connected to plantations and ports
• Allowed farmers and ranchers to get crops across land
• Economic benefit
• Reopened coal mines for iron larger market for coal and iron
• Decreased travel times
• Steam engine helped
• Spread goods and people
• Many miles of track made

Telegraph

• Samuel morse invented telegraph (1832)
• Invented morse codes (1838)
  • First on paper
  • Hearing
• Opened gates to long distance conversation
• Lines were next to railroad lines
• Helped develop westward trains

Jefferson’s part to play

• Jefferson wanted new orleans
• Napoleon offered while loousian territory since he needed money
• Goes against his own political beliefs
• Federalists wanted to trade with british over france

Market revolution summary

• A time of industrialization and global trade
• Boosted economy and made us interconnected
• Farms became not only for local but for global markets
• Affected independent artisans since big conglomerates outcompeted other smaller companies
• Transcendentalists
  • Say people are losing themselves
  • Wants to save nature and step back from industrialization
  • Idealistic and propose different ways of living
  • Opposed Market Revolution

Marbury V. Madison 1803

• Madison finds letter not delivered Adams says do not deliver
• Marbury sad about this not getting his letter.
• Madison is Secretary of State in Jefferson’s Cabinet he found these previous things from previous secretary of state
• John Marshall is the Chief Justice so he has highest influence and steers court case. (He was secretary of state for John Adams (He was supposed to deliver for adams))
  • Three options
  • A: Could say Madison has to do it since President can appoint people. He expects Jefferson and Madison to say no since executive government enforces law. Makes supreme court look weak
  • B: Do nothing and side with Madison and Jefferson. Still makes Supreme court look weak
  • C: Congress creates Judiciary Act of 1789 creating these lower courts. Marshall looked at law and it was conflict with Constitution. This law was unconstitutional. Judiciary branch references constitution always. Moot Marbury given a job that should not exist because law is gone.
  • Judicial branch checks the other branches demonstrating the job
• Marbury is the plaintiff
• Madison is the defendant
• Decision of case applies to all court cases similar to it.
• Establishes judicial review
  • The courts job to look at something and determine if something is constitutional. Their decision overturns and continues what was created.
• Point where Supreme court establishes it's authority
• Appellete jurisdiction and orignial jurisdiction

Court Cases

Fletcher v Peck(1810)

• Plaintiff Fletcher
• Defendant Peck
• Peck sold land to fletcher but it got voided so fletcher brought peck to court for fraud
• Peck wins because contract was binding
• Sale from peck to fletcher was not good because georgia repealed act that gave Peck the title
• Supreme court had power to declare certain state laws and actions unconstitutional

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

• Aaron Ogden ran steamboat between NY and NI
• New york legislature granted him monopoly right to operate the service without comp
• Expanded role of federal government
• The federal government gained power to regulate interstate commerce
• It established the superiority of the federal government over states rights
• Thomas Gibbons ran a competing service as he had a license to sail
• Ogdon sued gibbon
• Gibbon appealed to court
• Gibbons won in 1824
• Court reinforced federal govs authority to regulate trade between states by ending monopolistic control over waterways
• Expanded role of fed govt
• Fed govt gained power to regulate interstate commerce
• Established superiority of the fed govts over states’ rights

Cohens vs Virginia (1821)

• Plaintiff is Virginia
• Defendant is Cohens
• Cohen brothers were selling lottery tickets to DC National Lottery in Virginia. They wanted to sell lottery tickets, but Virginia banned the sale of out of state lottery tickets
• Virginia fined brothers 100 dollars
• Virginia county court and supreme court ruled in favor of Virginia.
• Supreme court has jurisdiction to hear criminal preccedings
• If it goes against state laws and constitution it is void
• Court power over state decisions
• If it is above state supreme court can have a say
• Court does not have jurisdiction of state law

McCulloch v Maryland (1819)

• Plaintiff maryland
• Defendant mcculloch
• War of 1812 put america into great debt
• Maryland taxed the national bank
• McCulloch refused to pay
• Mcculloch: state tax unconstitutional states can’t tax national government
• State government national bank unconstitutional bank controlled amount of unregulated money from state
• Mcculloch
• Administrative state
  • Federal oversight of state
• Article I: all laws which shall be necssart and proper
  • Mcculloch bank is unconstitutional and cant be taxed
• Artive VI
  • Congress “supreme law of the land”
  • national>state
• Redefined necessary (elastic clause) - appropriate and legitimate
• Federal power separate and above state
• Constitution allows power not explicitly stated

Worcester v Georgia (1832)

• Defendant georgia
• Samuel a worcester plaintiff
• 1830 georgia law prohibits white people from entering cherokee land without license
• Worcester arrested for not obtaining a license to enter cherokee lands
• Georgia taken to court about how their laws shouldn’t eb applied to cherokee laws
• Ruled with worcester, 5 to 1
• States couldn’t impose regulations on native americans lands
• Jackson refused to enforce ruling
• ;ole states american indians could reserved some levels of sovereignty
• The united states power doesn’t extend into native american land

Dartmouth v Woodward (1819)

• Plaintiff Dartmouth
• Defendant Woodward
• Dartmouth college was a private institution on a charter
• State of NH wanted to make it public
• Won at state level and now governed by state legislature
• Original board brought it to court
• Dartmouth won and remained a private institution
• Separated church and state
• NH violated contract clause
• Protects private entities from state govts
• Strengthened the contract clause

Little v Barreme (1804)

• Plaintiff barreme
• Defendant is little
• Legislature voted to keep all american ships from going in to french ports (congress)
• President made executive order to stop all american ships from going in and out
• Dutch vessel called flying fish captured by american captain little on dutchs ships voyage our of french port
• During quasi wars between united states and france
• Captain little was declared liable for executing a command that went afaisnt the executive order
• A president cant contradict an act of congress
  • A member of executive branch went against the revised law made by the legislative branch
• President cant contradict laws made by congress
• Orders that contradict the law are illegal
• Following an unlawful order is illegal
• Superior orders defnese is invalid
• President lost power, congress gained power

Ex Parte Bollman (1807)

• People wanted to make war against america made america uncomfortable
• Erick bollman and samuel swartwout under burr and wilkinson influence
• Burr and wilkonson attempted to create an empire in US
• Wilkinson snitched to jefferson and got them arrested
• Due to writs of habeas corpus (protection against unlawful imprisonments) bollman and swartout are not guilty for levying war against US government
• The supreme court has power to issue writs of habeas corpus
  • Person in custody brought forth to see if it’s lawful
  • Basis of confinement is just
  • Most invoked form of legal review after all other relief is denied

Barron v Baltimore (1833)

• plaintiff john barron
• Defendant baltimore
• Construction causes streams to deposit dirt and sand into harbor
• John barron sued city
• claimed city violated 5th amendments by taking away his property without just compensation
• Court ruled 5th amendment didn’t apply to state
• Sued for 20k only got 4.5k
• Bill of rights bounded only to federal government
• Supreme court did not have jurisdiction to decide the case
• Limited bill of rights
• Dual citizenship
• 14th amendment guaranteed citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws
• Never overturn but consulted

Wilson v Black-bird creek Marsh Co. (1829)

• Plaintiff black bird creek marsh company
• Defendant wilson
• Company authorized bt delaware to construct a dam in creek
• Dam blocked navigation of creek
• Wilson broke the dam to pass through creek under federal navigation law
• Wilson believed damn violates commerce clause
• Defendants were sued by plaintiffs for trespassing
• Company successfully sureed wilson for trespassiinng
• Delaware not in violation of commerce clause or any law passed around the subject of state governments governing commerce in their states
• States > people in commerce cases
• States can implement but no infringing

A Tale of Two Economies

Agriculture vs Manufacturing

• Manufacturing is dependent on agriculture from the south
• Sectionalism
  • South is agricultural (Southerners)
  • North is manufacturing (Northerners)
  • West is doing it's own thing (Westerners)

Cotton Gin

• Eli Whitney made it to reduce slavery (But greatly increased the demand for slave labor)
• Slavery 2.0
• Industry vs. Agriculture becomes Industrial Agriculture (People depending on industrial technology to do agriculture)

McCormick Invented McCormick reaper (Another Example)

Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

• Industrial agriculture
• Women and children being apart

1820 - 1860

• Cotton spreading south and west due to being so profitable

Value of Cotton Exports as % of all US Exports

• Cotton grew to more than half of all US exports from 1800(7.1%)-1860(57.5%)
• Southern and western states grow very rapidly from 1810-1850
  • Driven by cotton cultivation
  • Almost half of states’s populations were slaves

Tobacco then more south is rice and indigo and more south is cotton

• Gang labor
  • One overseer and group of slaves
  • People working in same area
  • Lead to more interaction between slaveowners and slaves
• Task labor
  • Once slaves are done with their tasks they have freedom to do things
  • Much less oversight
  • A lot of land
  • Similar to slavery in north

Culture of slavery

• Pidgin or gullah languages
• nuclear/surrogate families
  • Family can get torn apart and might be put with other people you don’t know but still your family
• Second great awakening
  • Black Christianity
    • baptist/methodist
    • Emotional
    • African american (Negro) spirituals
      • Other music-work songs

Transcendentalism

• Not from Europe it came from America
• The capacity of knowing intuitively, or of attaining knowledge by transcending (going beyond) the reach of senses
• 1830s- 1860s right after the market revolution 1800s to 1830s so it is sort of a reaction to the market revolution
• Empiricism is the scientific method hands on. Transcendentalism is the opposite of that notion. Emotional connection to God without necessarily the pastor

The Transcendentalists Emerson and Thoreau

• Emerson is the first American scholar
• They are sort of this loose group of people and membership open to any person
• Mostly men few women.
• Margret Fuller - The Dial
• Daniel Ogden who wrote Scarlet was a transcendentalist
• Nothing was excluded from discussion
• Less materialism - more real values

What They Believed

• Glorification of nature
• Idealization of individual (Like First Great Awakening and Enlightenment)
• Freedom of thought/expression
• Reliance on intuition
• Independence from societal restrictions
• Humanitarian reform
• Differences from Market Revolution
  • Market revolution frocused on society where as this focused on individual
• Truths and wisdom exist that lie beyond proof, beyond the limits of either the senses or reason

Oversoul

• The supreme soul of the universe, absolute and eternal, from which all things spring and to which all things return.
• Soul is not the ego
• All souls are connected
• Man is potentially divine - the soul within comes from the divine creator.
• Nature is how humans experience the divine being.
• Individuals can transcend by being with nature

Walt Whitman

• A noisless patient spider - Isolation, one with the crowd.

Walden was written near a pond

Hudson River Art School

The Course of Empire - Thomas Cole

• The Savage State(1833-1836)
  • Nature is predominant
• The Arcadian or Pastoral State
  • Thomas Cole says is idea state or balance between man and nature
  • There is a stump showing man uses nature, but nature still dominates man
• The Consummation of Empire
  • People dominated nature
• Destruction
• Desolation
• Light was very important (Luminism)

View of the Yosemite Valley, In California, 1865 - Thomas Hill

• Nature is the focus in the painting
• Some hint of man, but the people are very small and they are not the focus
• Lost os trees, hills, and rocks

Donner Lack from the Summit, 1873 Albert Bierstadt

• It is in darkness to look west and sun sets in the west. A lot of people moving west to get back into nature
• Nature is exposed trees, lakes, hills
• Little line for a railroad track (Hints of man)

The War of 1812

• It due to impressment

Things that do Matter

• War ends with the treaty of Ghent
  • Accomplishes nothing. Does not stop impressment.
• Was to legitify the American Revolution a small power going against a big dog. We beat you the first time and the second time. It solidifies it's place

Dolly Madison

• Wife of James Madison
• She was Wonder Woman (Hero of war of 1812)
• British make way to Chesapeake bay to Washington DC capital may fall. James madison other evacuate. Dolly decides to say if James is not going. She decides to force people to stay and gathered up important papers and she takes the painting of Washington before she leaves. It was Gilbert Stuart’s “Lansdowne” portrait we looked at.
• British destroy capital takes 3 years to repair

Pictures

• USS Constitution. We keep the ship for the story. It was made of wood and it could not be sinked. America has 8 to 10 Naval victories before there was a victory on land. Ship could not be sunk “untouchable” ship. Shows grit and independence Americans have in them.

Star Spangled Banner

• Francis Scott Key watched British bomb them. When the smoke clears up in the flag will still standing. Our national anthem. Story of American grit and resilience.

Battle of New Orleans

• Fought after the war. Andrew Jackson and they didn’t want British to have Mississippi River. Jackson should not have won, but he does. It compels him to presidency.
  

The Era of Good Feelings (1816-1824)

• One party in power during this time
• After war of 1812. America has intense patriotism and pride. National identity starts to be sem*nted.

The Election of 1816

• James Monroe running on Democratic- Republican. Federalists are loosing their foothold. Federalist was king running. Electoral vote 84% to Democratic Republicans. Federalists are not moving with their times where as Democratic Republicans are. The demise of Federalist Party.
• Hartford Convention. Federalists against war of 1812 saying well succeed from the union. By the time they publish it the war was won and Federalist party kind of dissappears.

James Monroe (1816-1824)

• Presidency of era of good feelings. Market Revolution time period.

John Quincy Adams

• Monroe’s secretary of state which deals with foreign affairs. Self proclaimed bull dog.

Convention of 1818

• Treaty by JQA with British to solidify land west of rocky mountains called Oregon Country. 49th parallel is border between canada and United States.

The West and NW: 1819-1824

• Secreatry of state is in a important positon

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

• The Transcontinental Treaty. Sets up border between United States and Spanish empire and Spain gives them Florida.

US Population Density

• US during this time population is exponentially moving west

The American System

• Henry Clay “The Great Compromiser” comes up with idea wanted to find idea to support rail roads, land, etc
• First he imposes tariffs that don't go well in the south since they only protected the factories. The South is upset it reduces their purchasing power.
• Second Bank of the United States made
• Internal improvements at federal expense such as the National Road
• National Cumberland Road the federal government paying for interstate road. Motivation to connect East to West.
• West the system builds roads, canals, and federal aide
• East protective tariffs from the West.
• South does not get that much.

The Panic of 1819

• Speculation the things worth a dollar now will me worth more down the time. People speculating on Western land and soon land will be consumed. Bank of United States issuing loans to people who want to buy land. People can not pay for land and financial problems everywhere.

The Election of Democratic-Republican 1820

• Democratic-Republican (Monroe) lost 1 vote since they didn’t want Monroe to have Washington status of having all electoral votes
• Independent Republic pary by JQA(Correction JQA gets one vote) gets 99.5% of votes

The Compromise of 1820 (Missouri compromise)

• The Firebell in the Night. It awakens you in a fright figurative language. Thomas Jefferson says this and he is terrified. It was between North and South free and slave states.
• Missouri is entering as slave state. Maine enters as a free state. Third part is 36 30 lattitude line anything below is slave state anything above is free state. What Complicates it is Spanish territory recently gained after war.

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823

• Referred to as America’s Self-Defence Doctrine. John Quincy Adams is person who develops this and forms it. First element is America is out of European affairs. Second thing is Europe and colonizers are to stay out of the Western hemisphere. Third point is if they do then there will be war.

The Election of 1824

• The “Corrupt Bargain”
  • Jackson got popular vote but no majority in electoral college
  • Now HOR selects
    • Only take top 3 finishers
    • Clay and john q adams are friends so clay votes go to JQA
    • So JQA wins
• Jackson comes in first, but John Quincy Adams wins the popular vote in HOR and becomes POTUS.
• 4 major candidates:
  • John quincy adams
  • William crawford
  • Henry clay
  • Andrew jackson
• 2 western states now west is running too before eastern states were the only ones guaranteed a seat in presidency

The Age of Jackson

Jackson

• Rugged individual/individualism
• Westerner
• Many ideals aligned with Jefferson’s(He believes in states rights and powers but believes in the country's unity overall)

Election of 1828

• Jackson wins decisively because “Little magician” running his campaign
• Little magician is Martin Van Buren
• Modern day political strategies
• Starts to shape party politics
• Mudslinging is throwing shade
  • Jackson called old hickory
    • Tough like a hickory state
  • Made fun of JQA
    • Want a president who can fight or a president who can write
    • Songs and jingles about jackson is a badass
  • Doubled amount of people who want to vote
  • Redefined campaigning
• Campaigning ideas starts to take place
• New parties:
  • Jacksonian democrats (Democrats) and national republicans (whigs)
  • Democrats are western and southern support
  • Whigs are north, Whigs unite with a couple other parties into the Republican party.

Expanding Electorate

• Most states required land to vote in the green 1800s; that number decreased in the 1830s.
• Moving towards only tax required to vote
  • Due to emergence of wage labor system in the North
  • Factory workers want to vote
  • Want to expand voter population

Rise of the “Common Man”

• Andrew Jackson resonates with the Common Man electorate, bringing them into political participation
• Jackson came from humble beginnings so he understood the struggle of the Common Man, so many middle class citizens supported him and voted for him.

Hard Question

• Political center of gravity is moving west. More state positions, more representatives in DC. More politicians in western states.
• Humble beginnings and Common Man resonate more with middle class/working class citizens.
• Slavery big question in Western Territory. Everyone in the country wants to know.

Jackson’s Inauguration and person

• Open he wanted people to celebrate him as he won the election
• Jackson was very violent, got into fights, killed political prisoners, etc. He is devoutely loyal, however.
• Jackson was the common man president. Natives and Slaves did not factor in to electorate

Political cartoons with Andrew Jackson

• Spoils System (Patronage) - If you are loyal to Jackson he will support you. (Ex: Government Jobs)
• Kitchen Cabinet- Jackson doesn’t like his cabinet, so he decides to cut them off from communication. He meets with other people that he trusts. Major Downey is a fictional character in Jackson’s political cartoons

Indian Removal Act

• 5 “Civilized” tribes kicked out to OK

Jackson as King

• Fought against the national bank
• Wields power of veto in fact he was criticized for using the power of veto. Used it 12 times, which is more than any other president in the past

Battling the BUS

• Artist did not support the Bank of the United States(BUS)
• Jackson battled the Bank of the United States, he was very Jefferson esque, he does not like the national bank. He “Kills” banks by moving money to state banks “pet” banks. He doesn’t 100% eliminate it, He just transfers money.

Nullification Crisis

• State vs Federal feud. SC decides not follow the tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) because they thought it was unconstitutional
• Jackson fought with his VP John C Calhoun, he ended up stepping down, and Van Buren took his place.

Antebellum South

• Early Emancipation in the North, a lot of debate over the boundaries of slaver, Missouri Compromise especially.

Distribution of Slave Labor(1850)

• 55% of Slave labor is in cotton. This made cotton the staple cash crop of America.

Characteristics of the Antebellum South

1. Primarily Agrarian
2. Economic power shift:
   1. “Upper south” (Virginia, Maryland, anc Carolina) to “Lower South”
3. “Cotton is King!” - Most Lucrative commodity, such important element of power
4. Slow industrialization
5. Inadequate transportation system

Slave Laws

1. U. S. Constitution:
   1. 3/5s Compromise I.2
   2. Fugitive slave clause IV.2
      1. If a slave escapes into a free territory they are not free. Must be returned.
2. 1793 → Fugitive Slave Act
   1. Courts decide if a person is a slave or not.
   2. Didn’t have to have a jury
3. 1850 → Stronger Fugitive Slave Act
   1. No jury and also suspected fugitive slaves cannot speak(defend themselves)
   2. Violated American ideals of trial by jury. Slaves are property
   3. If you have knowledge about fugitive slaves you are legally bound by law to aid in retrieving those slaves to their owners.

Antebellum Southern Society (1850)

• Black Freemen were mainly located in Louisiana, large french influence.

Slave-Owning Population(1850)

• 64% of the population are non slaveholders. Non slaveholders do not want slaves to go away. They are hopeful that one day they can obtain them
• Only 2.5% were slave holder who held more then 50 slaves (Slavocracy)

Gang Labor type Plantations

• Could be family style slave homes that can hold upwards of 6-7 people in it.

Tara- Gone with the Wind Scarlett O’Hara

• The Southern Belle- Upper class women had only one job, becoming a wife and having children.
• Scarlett O’Hara challenges predisposed notions about women's role; the character became independent by the end of the movie.
• Controversy: Mammy
  • Mammy is very content and fulfilled in life as a slave, but this is not true. Characters portrayed inaccurately.
  • Truth: There is still a theme of master and servant.

Slave Family Dynamics

• In slave society everyone works since they were enslaved. Gender and social norms were much more fluid. Of course, men could only vote.

The Ledger of John White

• He bought and sold slaves
• Told stories about the slaves

Threat of Sale

• The Artist goes to an auction house and starts sketching. He causes tension because he is sketching and then he leaves. Man to the right is very mad and he puts together that this was a family unit and they were being auctioned. Man is helpless as there is nothing he can do about his family.

Slave Resistance

• Refusal to work hard
• Isolated acts of sabotage
• Escape via the “Underground Railroad”

Underground Railroad

• Network of people to bring people out of slavery
• Harriet Tubman

Slave Rebellions throughout the Americas

• Only 4

Rebellion

• Gabriel Prosser (1800) they wanted to take James Madison hostage. He was executed after his plan was leaked to plot against the government. The people were property and the government was supposed to protect so the state payed slave owners for his and his associates worth.
• Denmark Vesey (1822) wanted to purchase family out of slavery in SC. Similar fate as Gabriel Prosser
• Nat Turner (1831) through visions and dreams God is telling him to rebel. He successfully kills the owner in sleep and they move to other plantations freeing others. Militia found them and hanged them.

Southern Pro-Slavery Propaganda

• Paternalism is that slave owners had job to take care of their slaves in clothes, spiritual matters in order to refine them.
• Slaves are inferior and the southerners must take care of them.

Frederick Douglas

Texas and the Mexican-American War

The Austins

• Moses-Tried to break deal with the Spanish(what is now Mexico) government for land to settle
• 1820: permission to settle in East Texas
• 1821: dies, same year that mexico gains independence from spain
• Moses’s Son: Stephen F Austin picks up where his dad leaves off.
• Mexico Government has laws:
  • Law abiding (1824 constitution)
  • Be catholic
  • Speak spanish
• Americans are settling east and central texas
  • Hybrid culture emerges (Tejano)
• Americans break rules:
  • Few catholic converts: start protestant churches
  • 1829 slavery outlawed but Americans disobeyed and slavery still continued
  • Santa anna suspended constitution of 1824
• Alamo:
  • 180 texas men against mexican army (Originally a church)
  • 1800 to 6000 mexican troops
  • Idea of rugged individualism
  • 3 main people (Die in the Alamo):
    • Davy Crockett: politician from tennessee
    • James Bowie: Bowie knife, Rugged Individualism
    • William travis: Person in command
    • 100s of mexicans killed then they broke down a wall and entered

Battle of San Jacinto

• General Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna.
• Santa Anna tries to disguise as a private, gets caught
• Treaty of Velasco

Lone Star Republic

• Texas becomes its own country and for 9 years
• First president was Sam Houston and capital was in Houston
• Struggled, a lot of debt, not much infrastructure, no manufacturing economy. They decided that it would be good to join the Union.

Annexation of Texas 1845

• Too controversial/dangerous for van buren (Issue of slavery)
• William Henry Herison was president until he died and Lame duck president Tyler the VP became president. He gets started with mission to make Texas a state
• James K. Polk = western expansion (1845-1849)
  • Oregon Treaty 1846
    • US claim- more people there than the British
    • Balance free/slave states
    • Manifest Destiny from Atlantic to Pacific, favored by divine power to achieve the control of land

Mexican War 1846-1848

• Polk wanted California
• Causes
  • Unpaid Claims, Mexico owes Texas for war reparations
  • John Slidell’s (US Ambassador to Mexico): Mexico rejected John Slidell, no negotiations
  • Incident on the Rio Grande (Boundary Dispute): Debate on who shot first. Zachary Taylor informs Polk and war ensues.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
  • US gets title to Texas
  • Gained Southwest including California
  • US paid $15 million
  • US assumes Texas claims owed by Mexico($3 million)
  • Missouri Compromise?
• Result of the War:
• 1. Wilmont Proviso - No slavery in the new territory
  • Failed in the Senate - Siege mentality (South believe we are under attack do away with economy and property)
• 2. Military Experience- Robert E Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Stonewall Jackson
• 3. US grew by ⅓ - bigger than the Louisiana Purchase

Compromise of 1850- Henry Clay

• California annexed- Free State
• U.S purchased previously held Texas land-$10 million
  • Popular sovereignty, the citizens in that land vote whether to allow salvery or not
• Slave trade banned in D.C
• Fugitive Slave Law

Gadsden Purchase 1853

• 1853 treaty was arranged to obtain a continental railroad(sea to shining sea)
• Previous route would have been through the mountains
• US paid $10 million

Civil War

• Puts a stop to westward expansion
• John Gast painted “American Progress”
  • Railroad midground
  • Foreground there are people riding horses and herders moving west
  • Background there are ships sailing west
  • Midground there are buffalo running west
  • Midground there are Native Americans riding horses going west
  • Big lady holding a book and going west. She is Columbia. The book she is holding says school book, so she is bringing technology and enlightenment to the West.
  • The terrain in the foreground looks rough and looks tilled for farming with fences the terrain in the background and midground is more flat.
  • Mountains in the background towards the darker side lighter side has smooth hills.
  • Well developed city in the background
  • The lady helps bring telegraph line West
  • Luminism from the right(east) spreads into the left side(west) signifies our presence is better for the land
  • Dark, cloudy mountains in left background
  • Miner going west with then and during this time is around the time of the California gold rush (1849) behind them is the farmers that come behind as well as the wilderness.
  • Skeleton left by buffalo killed along the way
  • He puts three trains since a lot of them and a lot of people moving West.
  • Guy riding horse represents mail service like the pony express.
  • Oregon trail represented by wagon trail (conestoga wagons).

Paragraph: The west has changed over time. It went from being a frontier to becoming another separate identity within america.

1st Great Awakening

• 1720s-1740s
• Religious movement, for protestant christianity
• Edwards and Whitefield
• Response to Secularization(enlightenment), focused on the individual GA wanted to re focus on religion
• Individualism(you matter to God)

2nd Great Awakening

• Similar elements to the first
• 1790s-1830s
• Evangelical preaching
• Charles Finney (N.Y- Burnedaer District, many preachers went here and so much preaching)
• Rise of the middle class
• Democratizing christianity
• Response to Materialism (Market Revolution)
• Individual as a part of Community (Take the message of God’s love and you as a regular person can go into the community and tell others about it. A community mindset and help each other and tell others about this message.how can I make myself better or how can I help my community)
  • ***Important for the formation of American Identity***

Age of Reform

• 1820-1840
• Perfectionism (I can make myself better or govt or community). Moral Suasion (Appeal to morals. This is bad and this is good. Tries to change people’s behavior)
• Idea that it is our responsibility to help and fix what is around us to make our community better.
• Groups/cults started forming

Causes of the Civil War

The Missouri Compromise 1820

• Determines free or slave state, 36th parallel, north of this is free, south is slave

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

• After gaining territories from the Mexican American War, it was proposed that slavery should be banned in this newly gained territory. It doesn’t get passed, made south realize that the north did not like slavery (siege mentality)

Compromise of 1850

• California made free state
• No slave trade in D.C but slavery is still legal
• Fugitive Slave Law, made stronger
• Territory gained by the the Mexican American war would decide legality of slavery through vote (popular sovereignty)

Fugitive Slave Law (1850)

• Part of the Compromise of 1850
• Government mandates that states, even states that don’t allow slavery, will perpetuate and abbet the practice of slavery.
• Draws strong reaction from abolitionists in the North

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

• Harriet Beecher Stowe
• *Reaction to the fugitive slave law
• Denounces slavery and the fugitive slave law
• One of the most consequential novels in American history (Gets people involved in the abolitionist movement)

Kansas-Nebraska-Act(1854)

• Congresses passes into law
• The unorganized territory in the Missouri Compromise of 1820 is organized into Kansas and Nebraska.
• Stephen Douglas wants a transcontinental railroad which would have to go through unorganized territory and in order for that to happen the territory needed to be organized with a govt structure.
• Popular sovereignty(idea that Stephen Douglas made) about territory being free or slave state to decide unorganized territory.
• Political Ramifications there are conscious Whigs, Northern Democrats, anti-immigrant party, Pro-Slavery Whigs, No-Nothing, Free-soilers. The South had southern Democrats, etc. Many political parties in both sections.

The Republican Party (1854)

• The North forms the Republican Party(combined Conscience Whigs, Free soil, Anti-Slavery Democrats), which is still around today. Against the expansion of slavery. Synonymous with the North

Contest for Kansas

• Free/Slave Election
• Fraudulent Missouri voters come to Kansas to vote. Pro-slavery people set up government. Anti-slavery people form their own government.
• Violence in a free-soil town in Lawrence.
• John Brown: Believed it was his god-ordained task to end slavery. He killed a family that allegedly participated in the violence in Lawrence
• People consider the tension in Kansas as the start of the Civil war (Bleeding Kansas)

Pottawatomie Creek killings (1856)

Sectional Politics

• Congressman Preston Books (SC) and his cane vs. Senator Charles Sumner (MA)
• Preston Books was mad because Charles Sumner was denouncing slavery and calling out politicians and he called out Preston Books’s uncle

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

• Worst supreme court decision of all time
• Dred Scott was a slave and lived in Missouri and owner took him to free state territory. Dred Scott sued for his own freedom and his argument was that if he lived in a free state he should be free.
• Chief Justice Roger Taney says Dred Scott does not gain his freedom. Reasons are blacks could never be US citizens therefore could never sue in court. Second, no government institution can ban slavery.
• Popular sovereignty out the window slaves could be everywhere so as Missouri Compromise.
• Only white people could be citizens of United states

Lincoln-Douglas Debate (1858)

• Seven 3 hour debates, Senate race in Illinois
• Gets the whole nation involved.
• Lincoln thinks that slavery exitsts but it should not extend into the West
• Douglas is trying to justify popular sovereignty
• Question over the future of slavery

Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)

• John Brown part 2. Slavery is expanding, so he decides to end slavery himself. He decides to assault a federal arsenal. They take the arsenal at Harpers Ferry.
• Plan was to arm slaves in Virginia and start a slave uprising. This, ofcourse, did not work. Squashed by Robert E. Lee and his marines, John Brown and his men got tried and killed.

* Election of 1860 *

• Results in Abraham Lincoln becoming president, representing the Republican party.
• It is the last straw before Southerners decide that they are done with the United States since they had no future there.
• Lincoln was a new politician. 4th on Republican Nominee for president. Top 3 were one way or the other on slavery. Either too radical or did not care about the issue of slavery. Lincoln was in the middle and made both sides happy (Slavery should not expand yet slavery should not end). His main goal was to keep the country together, he did not like slavery, but he knew that any raidcal decisions would lead to the dissolution of the country.
• Lincoln is known as “The Great Emancipator” , freeing the slaves.

Secession movement

• Southerners believed Lincoln’s victory was a threat to their way of life.
• Seven Deep South States secede, South Carolina was the first, then 6 others followed suit.
• Creates Confederate States of America, President Jefferson Davis.
• Confederates fire on Fort Sumter, Civil War started.

civil disobediance- govt cant be trusted to serve the people, us people must know what is just, like paying taxes is wrong if u dont support slavery and mexican american war

American Scholar- you guys are smart and the future, apply your knowledge into the world and try to make an impact

walden- Nature>humans, be like nature don't focus on human things and live life honestly

Nature- nature is powerful, oversoul stuff, kids are better at seeing nature than adults, experience nature for yourself as the individual

Democrats from jackson

• Limited power in federal government
• Free trade
• Local rule

AGAINST:

• Corporate monopolies
• High tariffs
• National banks